Toxic Shock Syndrome – Symptoms and Causes
Overview
Toxic shock syndrome is a rare but dangerous condition caused by bacterial toxins. The main bacteria involved are Staphyylococcus aureus (staph) and sometimes group A streptococcus (strep).
This condition can affect people of all ages and genders, including men, children, and women after menopause.
Several products can raise the risk of developing toxic shock syndrome:
- Tampons: Especially if left in too long.
- Menstrual cups: Improper cleaning or extended use can increase risk.
- Contraceptive sponges: May harbor bacteria if used incorrectly.
- Diaphragms: Can create conditions for bacterial growth.
Other risk factors include skin wounds and recent surgery.
The bacteria can enter the body through breaks in the skin or mucous membranes, releasing toxins that cause symptoms.
Signs and Warning Signs
Toxic shock syndrome shows several warning signs. These include:
- High fever that starts suddenly
- Drop in blood pressure
- Stomach problems (throwing up or diarrhea)
- Skin rash that looks like a sunburn, especially on hands and feet
- Feeling confused
- Sore muscles
- Red eyes, mouth, and throat
- Seizures
- Headaches
These symptoms often appear quickly and can become serious fast. If you notice these signs, seek medical help right away.
When to See a Doctor
If you notice any signs of toxic shock syndrome, call your doctor right away. This is very important if you have used tampons recently or have an infection on your skin or in a wound.
Causes
Toxic shock syndrome is primarily caused by Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, often simply called staph. In some cases, group A streptococcus (strep) bacteria can also lead to this condition.
Risk Factors
Anyone can get toxic shock syndrome. About half of cases linked to staphylococci bacteria happen in menstruating women. The other half affects older women, men, and children. Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome can occur at any age.
Several factors may increase your risk:
- Skin wounds (cuts or burns on the skin)
- Recent surgery
- Menstrual products
- Viral infections (having illnesses like the flu or chickenpox)
Possible Health Problems
Toxic shock syndrome can get worse quickly. Some serious problems may happen, such as:
- Shock: The body’s organs don’t get enough blood.
- Kidney Failure: Kidneys stop working properly.
- Death: In severe cases, this condition can be fatal.
These complications show why quick medical help is important when symptoms appear.
Ways to Avoid Infection
Tampon makers in the United States have updated their products to avoid materials linked to toxic shock syndrome. The government now requires clear labels about absorbency levels and usage guidelines on packaging.
If you use tampons, choose ones with the lowest absorbency for your needs. Don’t leave a tampon in for more than four to eight hours.
It’s best to switch between tampons and pads, using thin pads when bleeding is light.
People who have had toxic shock syndrome may get it again. If you’ve experienced toxic shock syndrome before or had a serious staph or strep infection, avoid using tampons completely.
Important safety tips:
- Read product labels carefully
- Use the lowest absorbency possible
- Change tampons every 4-8 hours
- Alternate between tampons and pads
- Avoid tampons if you’ve had toxic shock syndrome before
