Sciatica – Symptoms and Causes
What Is Sciatica
Sciatica happens when pain radiates along the sciatic nerve path from your lower back, through your buttocks, and into your leg.
This painful condition often results from a herniated disk or bone overgrowth pressing on nerve roots in the lumbar spine. The pressure creates inflammation along the sciatic nerve pathway, causing pain and sometimes numbness in the affected leg.
Most cases of sciatica caused by herniated disks improve with proper treatment within several weeks to months.
Treatment options typically include:
- Pain medications
- Physical therapy exercises
- Rest and limited activity
- Hot or cold packs
People experiencing severe sciatica symptoms might require surgical intervention. Serious symptoms like severe leg weakness or changes in bowel or bladder function need immediate medical attention.
Signs and Symptoms
Sciatica pain usually starts in the lower back and travels through the buttock to the back of the thigh and calf. The intensity can range from mild discomfort to sharp, burning sensations.
Some people describe the pain as an electric shock or a sudden jolt. Sitting for long periods, coughing, or sneezing may worsen the pain. Usually, sciatica affects only one side of the body.
Besides pain, you might experience:
- Numbness in parts of your leg or foot
- Tingling sensations
- Muscle weakness
- Different sensations in different areas (pain in one area, numbness in another)
When Medical Help Is Needed
Though mild sciatica often improves with time, certain situations require medical attention. Contact your doctor if:
- Self-care methods don’t provide relief
- Pain persists for longer than one week
- Pain becomes severe or worsens
Seek immediate medical care if you experience:
- Sudden leg numbness or muscle weakness
- Pain following a serious injury like a car accident
- Problems controlling your bladder or bowels
These symptoms might indicate a more serious condition requiring prompt treatment.
Causes
Sciatica occurs when the sciatic nerve is compressed or irritated by underlying conditions. The most common causes include:
- Herniated Disks: A bulging or slipped disk can press on the sciatic nerve.
- Bone Spurs: Extra bone growth on the spine that can pinch a nerve
- Tumors: Spinal tumors pressing on the nerves (this is rare)
When these problems occur, they squeeze the nerve roots that form the sciatic nerve, leading to pain and other symptoms.
Who Is At Risk
Some factors raise the chance of developing sciatica. Age plays a key role, with those between 20 and 50 years most likely to have herniated disks. Older adults face higher risks of bone spurs.
Weight matters too. Extra pounds put more pressure on the spine, increasing the risk of nerve problems.
Your job can affect your risk. Work that involves:
- Twisting your back often
- Lifting heavy items
- Driving for many hours daily
Sitting for long periods without much movement raises your risk compared to staying active.
People with diabetes face higher chances of nerve damage, which can contribute to sciatica problems.
Complications
Most people fully recover from sciatica related to herniated disks, sometimes without any treatment. However, sciatic nerve damage can occur in some cases.
Seek emergency medical care if you experience:
- Loss of feeling in the affected leg
- Weakness in the affected leg
- Loss of bowel or bladder function
These symptoms may indicate serious nerve damage requiring immediate attention.
Prevention
While sciatica cannot always be prevented and may recur, several strategies can help protect your back and reduce your risk.
Regular Exercise
Strengthening your core muscles—those in your abdomen and lower back—is essential for maintaining good posture and spinal alignment.
These muscles provide crucial support for your back. A healthcare provider can suggest appropriate exercises based on your specific needs.
Proper Sitting Posture
When sitting for extended periods:
- Choose chairs with good lower back support
- Look for seats with armrests and a swivel base
- Place a small pillow or rolled towel behind your back
- Keep your knees and hips level
These simple adjustments help maintain the natural curve of your spine and reduce pressure on the sciatic nerve.
Correct Body Mechanics
Using your body properly during daily activities can prevent sciatic pain.
- When standing for long periods, rest one foot on a small stool
- Let your legs do the work when lifting heavy objects
- Hold heavy items close to your body
- Avoid twisting movements while lifting
Maintain a Healthy Weight
Extra weight puts additional strain on your spine. Maintaining a healthy weight through balanced nutrition and regular physical activity can reduce pressure on your back and sciatic nerve.
Take Frequent Breaks
If your job requires prolonged sitting or standing, take short breaks to stretch and change positions. This helps relieve pressure on your sciatic nerve and prevents muscle fatigue.
Listen to Your Body
Pay attention to warning signs like mild back pain or discomfort. Address these issues early by adjusting activities, using heat or cold, and practicing proper body mechanics to prevent more serious problems.
Supportive Footwear
Wear shoes that provide good arch support and cushioning, especially if you stand or walk for long periods. Poor footwear can alter your gait and put stress on your back.
