Ruptured Spleen – Symptoms and Causes
Overview
The spleen serves important functions in fighting infections and filtering old blood cells. A ruptured spleen happens when the surface of this organ breaks, often due to strong impacts to the abdomen. These impacts typically occur during:
- Sports accidents
- Physical fights
- Car crashes
People with enlarged spleens may experience ruptures from even minor trauma. This condition causes internal bleeding that can become life-threatening without prompt medical attention.
Treatment varies based on severity. Some patients require emergency surgery while others may recover with several days of hospital monitoring. A ruptured spleen is always considered a medical emergency requiring immediate care.
Signs of a Splenic Rupture
A ruptured spleen often causes several noticeable symptoms. You might feel pain in your upper left abdomen area. This area may also be tender when touched.
Some people experience pain in their left shoulder. You might also feel confused, lightheaded, or dizzy if your spleen has ruptured.
When Medical Help Is Needed
A ruptured spleen requires immediate medical attention. If you’ve had an injury and notice any of the symptoms listed above, go to an emergency room right away.
Don’t wait to see if symptoms improve on their own, as internal bleeding can be life-threatening.
Causes
Several factors can lead to a ruptured spleen:
Physical trauma is the most common cause. This typically involves:
- Sports accidents
- Car crashes
- Falls
- Fights with blows to the left upper abdomen
When the left side of the body is hit with force, the spleen can tear immediately or develop damage that ruptures days or even weeks later.
Enlarged spleen (splenomegaly) increases rupture risk. The spleen can become enlarged due to:
- Viral infections like mononucleosis
- Various bacterial infections
- Liver diseases
- Blood disorders and cancers
An enlarged spleen contains more blood and tissue, making it more vulnerable to tearing, even from minor trauma that wouldn’t affect a normal-sized spleen.
Risk Factors
Several factors can increase your chance of having a ruptured spleen:
- Pre-existing enlargement of the spleen from infections or other medical conditions.
- Contact sports with potential chest impacts (football, hockey, soccer).
- Physical trauma to the abdomen or lower chest area.
People with enlarged spleens should be especially careful about activities that might cause abdominal injury.
Possible Problems
A burst spleen is dangerous because it can cause serious bleeding inside your belly area. This bleeding happens quickly and can put your life at risk if not treated right away.
The blood that leaks from a damaged spleen fills up the space around your organs, leading to:
- Severe pain
- Rapid heart rate
- Low blood pressure
- Feeling dizzy or lightheaded
Without quick medical help, this blood loss can lead to shock and possibly death.
Prevention
If you have an enlarged spleen, taking steps to prevent injury is crucial. Patients diagnosed with this condition should consult their healthcare provider about necessary activity restrictions.
Activity Restrictions
Most healthcare providers recommend avoiding activities that could cause abdominal trauma for several weeks after diagnosis. These typically include:
- Contact Sports (football, hockey, soccer)
- Heavy Lifting
- High-Impact Activities
The spleen’s enlarged state makes it more vulnerable to rupture, which can lead to serious internal bleeding.
Protective Measures
Consider these additional safety precautions:
- Wear a protective abdominal brace when recommended.
- Avoid activities with fall risks.
- Use seat belts properly when traveling.
When To Seek Medical Attention
Be alert for symptoms that might indicate a ruptured spleen:
| Symptom | Action |
|---|---|
| Sudden abdominal pain | Seek immediate medical care |
| Lightheadedness | Go to emergency room |
| Shoulder pain | Contact doctor promptly |
Most patients need to follow precautions for 4-6 weeks, though this varies based on individual circumstances and the underlying cause of the enlarged spleen.
