Post-Concussion Syndrome – Diagnosis and Treatment
Diagnosis
Doctors begin diagnosing post-concussion syndrome (PCS) by reviewing the patient’s full medical history. They check for any recent head injury and note which symptoms have lasted.
A key part of the process is a neurologic exam. The healthcare provider checks reflexes, coordination, strength, and senses.
They also test thinking, planning, and memory using specific tasks and questions. These evaluations help spot problems with brain function.
Sometimes doctors order imaging, such as a CT scan or an MRI scan, if symptoms are severe. Imaging can show changes in brain structure, such as tissue damage, but it cannot detect ongoing concussion symptoms.
Scans help rule out other types of brain injury, but they do not confirm PCS.
Doctors may refer patients to specialists for further testing. For example:
- Physical therapists for balance problems.
- Psychologists for mood or memory issues.
- Ear, nose, and throat doctors for dizziness.
- Ophthalmologists or neuro-optometrists for vision changes.
Doctors use all the results to make a diagnosis and plan care. These steps help check for other possible causes.
Treatment
Managing Head Pain
Headaches after a concussion can vary in type and intensity. Doctors may recommend medicines often used for migraines or tension headaches.
These include drugs for high blood pressure, depression, or seizures. Use pain medicines only as needed and avoid overuse, since taking them too often can make headaches more frequent.
| Medicine Type | Common Uses | Important Note |
|---|---|---|
| Anti-migraine | Migraines/headaches | Use only as advised |
| Blood pressure meds | Some headache types | May help some cases |
| Seizure drugs | Certain headaches | Follow doctor’s orders |
Thinking and Memory Challenges
Problems with memory or clear thinking often improve with time. Most people see these symptoms get better over weeks or months.
Helpful strategies include:
- Keeping a notebook for reminders
- Using phone alarms or calendars
- Trying visual cues
Cognitive therapy and working with specialists like occupational or speech therapists can help those who need extra support. Reducing stress and practicing relaxation can also help, since stress may make thinking harder.
Problems With Balance or Dizziness
Dizziness or vertigo can affect daily life. Physical therapists trained in balance recovery can help with exercises.
These exercises target balance, reduce lightheaded feelings, and lower fall risk.
Trouble Sleeping
Difficulty sleeping is common after a concussion. Good habits, such as regular sleep times and a quiet, dark place for rest, can improve sleep.
This practice is called sleep hygiene. Sometimes, doctors may recommend sleep medicine for a short period. Limiting screen time before bed can also help.
Vision Complications
Some people have blurry or double vision after a concussion. These symptoms usually improve with time.
If vision problems last, seeing a specialist such as a neuro-optometrist may help. The specialist can suggest eye exercises or special glasses for rehabilitation.
Increased Sensitivity to Light and Noise
Bright lights and loud sounds may feel much stronger or more unpleasant after a concussion. These symptoms often fade with time.
Gradual exposure to light and sound in controlled ways can help the brain adjust. Therapy sessions may focus on this process.
Changes in Mood and Emotions
Irritability, sadness, or anxiety can happen after a head injury. Support from understanding the symptoms and knowing that many people improve can help.
Treatment options include:
- Counseling: Talking with a mental health professional
- Medication: If needed, to treat depression or anxiety
- Light Exercise: Gentle physical activity can lift mood and support recovery
A strong support system can make recovery less stressful. Regular follow-ups with healthcare providers help track progress and manage mood concerns.
Getting Ready for Your Visit
Steps You Can Take
Preparing for a medical appointment after a concussion is important for both children and adults. Here are helpful actions to take:
| Item to Bring | Details/Examples |
|---|---|
| List of Symptoms | Headache, confusion, nausea, memory loss |
| Medical History | Recent stresses, other health concerns |
| Medications & Doses | Ibuprofen 200mg daily, Vitamin D 1000 IU daily |
| Support Person | Family member, friend |
| Questions | See sample list below |
List All Symptoms: Write down every symptom, even if it feels unrelated. Note headaches, memory issues, mood changes, sleep problems, or dizziness.
Track Key Events: Keep notes on recent stressful events, life changes, or injuries. Bring this timeline to your appointment.
Medication List: Make a clear list of all prescriptions, over-the-counter drugs, vitamins, and supplements you are currently taking. Add dosages and how often you use each one.
Bring Support: If possible, bring a trusted friend or family member. They can help remember advice and ask important questions.
-
Prepare Questions: Compose a list of questions for your healthcare provider. Put the most important questions first.
- What is causing my ongoing symptoms?
- How long might these symptoms last?
- Are there any tests I need, and do I need to get ready for them?
- What treatments are available or recommended?
- When is it safe to go back to work, school, or sports?
- Should I avoid any activities, like driving or exercise?
- Is it okay to take my regular medication?
- Is it safe to drink alcohol?
Having these notes and questions ready will help you make the most of your time with the healthcare professional.
These steps are useful for both new and follow-up visits, including with specialists like neurologists, physiatrists, and concussion care experts.
Questions the Provider May Ask
Medical care providers usually need detailed information to guide your care.
Expect these common questions at your visit:
How did the injury happen? (For example: sports, fall, accident)
Are the symptoms there all the time or do they come and go?
What symptoms do you have now?
How often do symptoms appear?
How have your symptoms changed since the injury?
Does anything make the symptoms better?
Does anything make them worse?
Have your symptoms changed—worse, better, or stayed the same?
Providers may also ask about returning to school, work, or sports. They often follow safety guidelines like the “Heads Up” campaign.
If you talk honestly about changes, health care providers can give better advice about when it is safe to return to normal activities.
Answer clearly and share all your concerns. This helps the provider understand how the injury affects you and decide on next steps.
