Mammogram Test
Overview
Mammograms are specialized X-ray tests used to examine breast tissue. They help detect early signs of breast cancer and other changes before symptoms appear. This early detection can lead to more effective treatment and better outcomes. There are two main types:
- Screening mammograms check for signs of cancer in people without symptoms.
- Diagnostic mammograms provide more detailed images when symptoms are present—such as lumps, pain, or skin changes—or when a screening test finds something unusual.
Why This Test Is Performed
Doctors use mammograms to look for early-stage breast cancer and other abnormalities. The main goal is to spot any problems as soon as possible, so treatment can begin while the cancer is still at an early stage.
| Purpose | Who it’s For | What it Detects |
|---|---|---|
| Screening Mammogram | No symptoms | Early signs of cancer, unseen changes |
| Diagnostic Mammogram | New symptoms or abnormal test | Specific lumps, pain, or abnormal scans |
Screening mammograms are for routine checks and can spot cancer before it can be felt. Diagnostic mammograms are done when there are symptoms like a lump, pain, nipple discharge, or skin texture changes. They may also follow up on unusual findings from a previous screening. Mammograms can also help detect:
- Dense breast tissue
- Benign lumps (e.g., cysts or fibroadenomas)
- Male breast swelling (gynecomastia)
- Inflammation or infection, such as mastitis
- Rare conditions, including Paget’s disease or inflammatory breast cancer
Possible Risks
Even though mammograms help find breast cancer early, some risks exist. During a mammogram, a person receives a small amount of ionizing radiation. For most individuals, this dose is very low, but it is still something to consider, especially if someone needs mammograms more often due to higher risk or dense breasts.
Sometimes, mammogram results show changes that are not cancer, called a “false positive.” When this happens, extra tests might be required, such as more imaging or a biopsy. Most of the time, these changes—like abnormal areas or calcifications—turn out to be harmless. However, the extra tests can cause stress and worry.
Mammograms do not always detect every cancer, especially in people with dense breast tissue. In some cases, aggressive cancers may develop or spread quickly before any test can find them. People at high risk of breast cancer might still face situations where screening does not catch every problem early.
Summary Table of Mammogram Limitations
| Limitation | Example |
|---|---|
| Low-dose radiation | Risk increases with frequency |
| False positives | More tests for benign findings |
| Missed cancers | Especially with dense breasts |
| Aggressive cancers | May spread before detection |
How You Prepare
When getting ready for a mammogram or breast exam, timing matters. Book the test for a week after your menstrual period, when breast tenderness is usually at its lowest. If you are visiting a new clinic, bring previous mammogram images on a CD.
This helps the radiologist compare old and new pictures to spot any changes. Avoid wearing deodorant, powder, lotion, or perfume on your chest and underarms before the appointment. These products may contain materials that can appear on the images and make them harder to interpret.
Tip: Wear a shirt with pants or a skirt. You will need to undress from the waist up, and this makes the process easier.
What You Can Expect
What Happens During the Exam
At the facility, staff provide a gown and ask you to remove any necklaces and clothing above the waist. A technologist helps position you in front of a mammography machine. One breast is placed gently on a platform, which is adjusted for height to fit comfortably.
| Step | What to Expect |
|---|---|
| Change into gown | Remove upper garments & jewelry |
| Breast placement | Positioning on machine for clear images |
| Compression | Plastic plate applies pressure for clear X-ray |
| Image capture | Stand still, hold breath for seconds |
A clear plastic plate compresses the breast for a few seconds. This flattens the tissue, helping to get a clear image for the screening test while using a low amount of radiation. Some people feel pressure or mild discomfort during this step, but it is brief. If the discomfort is too much, let the technologist know right away.
The technologist may ask you to hold still and briefly hold your breath as the screening mammogram or diagnostic mammogram image is taken. This prevents blurring in the X-ray pictures.
What to Know After the Exam
Once both breasts are imaged, the care team checks the pictures for clarity. If any images are not usable, the technologist repeats some parts of the mammogram for accuracy. The full process usually takes less than half an hour. After the mammogram, most people can dress and go back to their daily routine right away.
Screening Outcomes
Mammogram results show detailed digital images of breast tissue, and a radiologist examines these images for signs of cancer, abnormal growths, or other changes that might need more tests.
Sometimes, additional imaging tools like 3D mammography (also called breast tomosynthesis) or a breast ultrasound provide a clearer look. If something suspicious appears, the provider may recommend further steps, such as a biopsy or even a breast MRI.
Imaging Tools Used
| Imaging Tool | Purpose |
|---|---|
| Digital Mammography | Base screening |
| 3D Mammogram/Tomosynthesis | More detailed views |
| Ultrasound | Evaluating specific areas |
| Breast MRI | High-risk or unclear findings |
