Esophageal Cancer – Symptoms and Causes
What is Esophageal Cancer
Esophageal cancer starts in the esophagus, a long tube connecting the throat to the stomach. This tube helps move food down to be digested.
The cancer typically begins in the cells lining the inside of the esophagus and can develop anywhere along its length.
Men face a higher risk of developing esophageal cancer than women. Several factors increase risk, with alcohol consumption and smoking being significant contributors.
Treatment options include:
- Surgery to remove cancerous tissue
- Chemotherapy
- Radiation therapy
- Combined approaches
- Targeted therapy
- Immunotherapy
These treatments are often used in different combinations, depending on the cancer stage, location, and the patient’s overall health.
Signs of Esophageal Cancer
Early stages of esophageal cancer often show no signs. Symptoms typically appear when the cancer has grown larger.
Common signs include:
- Trouble swallowing food or liquids.
- Chest discomfort, including pain, pressure, or burning sensations.
- Coughing spells or changes in your voice.
- Unplanned weight loss.
- Heartburn that gets worse over time.
When to Contact Your Doctor
If you notice any worrying symptoms, schedule an appointment with your healthcare provider right away. Early detection can make a big difference in treatment options.
What Causes Esophageal Cancer
Esophageal cancer develops when cells in the esophagus undergo DNA changes. Normal cells have DNA that controls growth, multiplication, and death in an organized way.
When DNA is damaged, the instructions it carries are altered. Cancer cells begin to multiply quickly and don’t die when they should. This uncontrolled growth leads to an excess of cells.
These abnormal cells may form tumors that can invade healthy tissue. Cancer cells can detach from the original tumor and spread to other parts of the body, a process known as metastasis.
Different Types of Esophageal Cancers
There are several types of esophageal cancer, each affecting different cells in the esophagus:
Adenocarcinoma
- Develops in gland cells that produce mucus
- Most commonly found in the lower esophagus
- Most common type in the United States
- Affects primarily white men
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
- Forms in the flat, thin cells lining the esophagus surface
- Usually occurs in the upper and middle parts of the esophagus
- Most common type worldwide
Less Common Types
- Small cell carcinoma
- Sarcoma
- Lymphoma
- Melanoma
- Choriocarcinoma
These rare forms make up only a small percentage of esophageal cancer cases. The type of cancer you have helps doctors determine the best treatment approach for your specific situation.
Risk Factors
Several factors can increase a person’s chance of developing esophageal cancer:
Lifestyle Habits
- Smoking
- Alcohol consumption
- Drinking very hot liquids regularly
- Low intake of fruits and vegetables
- Obesity
Medical Conditions
- GERD (Gastroesophageal reflux disease)
- Bile reflux
- Achalasia (difficulty swallowing due to muscle problems)
- Barrett esophagus (precancerous cell changes)
Other Factors
- Prior radiation treatment to the chest or upper abdomen
These risk factors typically cause ongoing irritation to the esophagus, which may lead to cellular changes over time. Having multiple risk factors can further increase the likelihood of developing this cancer.
Complications
Esophageal cancer can lead to several serious problems as it progresses.’
- Esophageal Blockage: The growing tumor can narrow the food pipe, making it hard to swallow food and liquids. This blockage can worsen over time.
- Bleeding: Blood may come from the tumor site in the esophagus. This bleeding is typically slow, but can sometimes become heavy and dangerous.
- Pain: People with advanced esophageal cancer often experience pain, which may require medical management.
Ways to Reduce Your Risk
Getting Screened for Esophageal Cancer
People with Barrett’s esophagus, a condition caused by long-term acid reflux, have a higher risk of developing esophageal cancer. If you have this condition, talk to your doctor about screening options.
These screenings usually involve examining the inside of your esophagus to look for early signs of cancer.
Limiting Alcohol Consumption
If you drink alcohol, do so in moderation. Healthy guidelines suggest no more than one drink daily for women and two drinks daily for men. Reducing alcohol intake can lower your risk of developing esophageal cancer.
Increasing Fruit and Vegetable Intake
Add more fruits and vegetables to your meals. These foods contain important nutrients that may help protect against cancer.
It’s best to get vitamins and minerals from food rather than supplements. Large doses of vitamin pills might actually be harmful.
Staying Physically Active
Try to exercise for at least 30 minutes on most days. If you haven’t been active recently, check with your doctor before starting a new exercise routine. Begin slowly and gradually increase your activity level.
Keeping a Healthy Weight
Maintain a healthy weight to reduce your risk. If you need to lose weight, speak with your doctor about safe approaches. Focus on eating fewer calories and gradually increasing physical activity.
Quitting Tobacco
If you smoke, quitting is one of the best things you can do to reduce your cancer risk. Ask your healthcare provider about helpful resources like nicotine replacement products and medications that reduce cravings.
You can also look into support groups and counseling services. If you don’t smoke, don’t start. Avoiding tobacco products altogether is the safest choice for your health.
