Epididymitis – Symptoms and Causes

ByJanis Updated

Overview

Epididymitis refers to inflammation of the epididymis, a coiled tube located behind the testicle that stores and transports sperm. This condition can affect males of any age group.

The most common cause is bacterial infection, particularly sexually transmitted infections like gonorrhea and chlamydia.

In some cases, the inflammation extends to the testicle itself, a condition known as epididymo-orchitis. Treatment typically involves:

  • Antibiotic medication to fight infection
  • Pain management techniques
  • Rest and supportive care

Prompt medical attention is important for proper diagnosis and treatment to prevent complications and speed recovery.

Signs and Symptoms

Scrotal problems that continue for more than six weeks may be classified as chronic inflammation. These ongoing issues often develop gradually, and doctors sometimes cannot find the exact cause of persistent swelling and discomfort.

When Medical Care is Needed

Seek emergency help if you have severe scrotal pain. This could indicate a serious condition requiring immediate treatment.

Visit a healthcare provider if you notice:

  • Discharge from the penis
  • Pain during urination
  • Swelling or tenderness in the scrotum

Common symptoms include:

  • Swollen, red, or warm scrotum
  • Testicular pain (usually affecting one side)
  • Burning during urination
  • Frequent urge to urinate
  • Fluid leaking from the penis
  • Discomfort in the lower belly area
  • Blood in semen
  • Fever (less common)

Don’t delay seeking treatment for scrotal pain, as some conditions can cause permanent damage if not treated promptly.

Why It Happens

Epididymitis can develop from several causes:

  • Sexually transmitted infections are the most common trigger in younger, sexually active men, especially gonorrhea and chlamydia.
  • Other types of infections can spread to the epididymis, including:
    • Bacteria from urinary tract or prostate infections
    • Viral infections like mumps
  • Backward flow of urine into the epididymis can cause chemical irritation. This might happen after heavy lifting or straining.
  • Physical injury to the groin area can lead to epididymitis.
  • Tuberculosis infection can rarely cause epididymitis.

These different causes typically lead to inflammation and swelling in the epididymis, resulting in pain and discomfort.

Risk Factors

Several factors can increase your chance of getting epididymitis:

Sex-Related Risks:

  • Unprotected sexual activity
  • Having a partner with an STI
  • Engaging in anal sex
  • Previous STI infections

Non-Sexual Risks:

  • Urinary tract or prostate infections
  • Recent medical procedures involving the urinary tract (catheter insertion, etc.)
  • Having an uncircumcised penis
  • Abnormal urinary tract structure
  • Enlarged prostate gland, which makes bladder infections more likely
  • Weakened immune systems, such as from HIV

Complications

Epididymitis may lead to several potential complications if not properly treated. These include:

  • Scrotal abscess (collection of pus)
  • Hydrocele (fluid buildup around the testicle)
  • Epididymo-orchitis (infection spreading to the testicle)
  • Fertility issues (uncommon but possible)

Ways to Prevent Epididymitis

Preventing epididymitis focuses mainly on reducing risk factors that can lead to this condition. One of the most important steps is practicing safer sex to protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs) that often cause epididymitis. This includes:

  • Using condoms during all sexual activities.
  • Getting regular STI testing if you’re sexually active.
  • Limiting sexual partners to reduce exposure risk.
  • Treating partners if you have an STI diagnosis.

For men who experience recurring urinary tract infections, additional preventive measures may be necessary. These can include:

  • Drinking plenty of water daily
  • Urinating regularly and completely emptying the bladder
  • Seeking prompt treatment for urinary symptoms

Good hygiene practices also play a role in prevention. Wash the genital area regularly and thoroughly with mild soap and water.

Men with certain risk factors should talk with their healthcare providers about personalized prevention strategies. This is especially important for those with:

  • History of prostate problems
  • Previous urinary tract infections
  • Structural abnormalities in the urinary tract

If you engage in activities that might cause trauma to the groin area, wearing proper protective gear can help prevent injuries that might lead to epididymitis.


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Health Writer

Janis's areas of expertise include nutrition, exercise, stress management, and mental health. She is passionate about educating and empowering people to take control of their health and make positive changes that can last a lifetime. Janis believes that small, sustainable changes are the key to long-term success, and she works with her clients to develop personalized plans that fit their individual needs and lifestyles.