Colposcopy Test and Procedure

ByJanis Updated

Overview

Colposcopy allows healthcare providers to examine the cervix, vagina, and vulva using a colposcope—a magnifying device with a bright light. The main goal is to check for abnormal or unhealthy cells that may indicate disease.

It’s often recommended after a Pap test reveals unusual results. If a suspicious area is found, a small tissue sample (biopsy) may be taken for further analysis. While many people feel nervous beforehand, understanding the process can help ease concerns.

Key Features of Colposcopy:

  • Uses a colposcope to magnify tissues.
  • Examines the cervix, vagina, and vulva.
  • May include a biopsy if needed.

Reasons for Performing the Procedure

Healthcare providers often recommend colposcopy after an abnormal Pap test or pelvic exam. The procedure examines the cervix, vagina, and vulva to detect changes that could lead to cervical cancer or an HPV infection. Common reasons include:

  • Detecting abnormal or atypical squamous cells
  • Identifying cervical dysplasia or intraepithelial neoplasia
  • Assessing lesions or carcinoma in situ
  • Evaluating genital warts, polyps, or cervicitis
  • Investigating signs of cancer or pre-cancer

It confirms the presence of precancerous or cancerous changes and helps guide further treatment.

Possible Complications

Most people have no problems with this treatment, but some risks exist. These may Most people tolerate the procedure well, but risks include:

  • Spotting or light bleeding
  • Cramping or mild abdominal pain
  • Infection
  • Unusual discharge
  • Fever or chills

Seek medical care for heavy bleeding, severe pain, or signs of infection.

Getting Ready for Your Appointment

Handling Worries Before Your Visit

Feeling nervous before a colposcopy is normal. High stress can increase discomfort, so preparation helps:

  • Get Informed: Ask for printed materials or online resources.
  • Prepare Questions: Bring a list to discuss with your provider.
  • Relax: Try calming activities like walking or music.
  • Music During the Procedure: Ask if it’s allowed to ease anxiety.

A mild pain reliever (e.g., acetaminophen or ibuprofen) may help reduce discomfort. Local anesthesia is rarely needed unless special procedures are planned.

What You Can Expect

During the Procedure

A colposcopy usually takes place in a clinic or doctor’s office and typically lasts about 10 to 20 minutes. The person lies on an exam table with their feet placed in supports, similar to a pelvic exam.

The healthcare provider gently inserts a speculum—made of metal or plastic—into the vagina to hold the vaginal walls apart and get a clear view of the cervix. Then, they position the colposcope, a magnifying device with a bright light that looks like a pair of binoculars, just outside the vulva.

Through the lens, the provider carefully examines the cervix and vagina for any abnormalities. To improve visibility, the provider may clean the cervix and vagina with a cotton swab.

A solution such as diluted vinegar (acetic acid) is then applied to the cervix. This may cause a mild burning or tingling sensation but helps highlight unusual cells or lesions that need closer inspection.

If a Biopsy Is Taken

If abnormal areas or lesions are observed during the colposcopy, the provider may take a tissue sample, called a biopsy. A small, sharp tool is used to remove a piece of tissue from the cervix or vagina.

More than one sample may be collected if multiple areas appear concerning. In some cases, special procedures like endocervical curettage or a cold knife cone biopsy may be performed to check for conditions like cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN).

Afterward, a chemical solution is typically applied to the biopsy site to help control bleeding. Most people experience only mild discomfort during this part of the procedure.

After the Appointment

If no biopsy is performed, there are generally no restrictions on daily activities. Some light spotting or mild bleeding might occur for a day or two. If a biopsy is taken, mild vaginal or vulvar pain may occur for a day or two, along with light bleeding or dark vaginal discharge.

Use a pad for any bleeding or discharge. Avoid tampons, vaginal medications, or intercourse for about a week unless your provider gives different instructions.

When You Should Contact Your Healthcare Provider

Reach out to your healthcare team if you experience any of the following:

  • Bleeding heavier than a menstrual period
  • Severe abdominal pain
  • Fever
  • Chills

These symptoms could indicate complications and should be evaluated by a healthcare professional.

Test Findings

Colposcopy results help determine if additional testing or treatment is needed. Results may be:

Result Type Next Steps
Normal Regular screening
Abnormal Further tests/treatment

Knowing when to expect results and how to follow up with your provider is essential for effective care.


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Health Writer

Janis's areas of expertise include nutrition, exercise, stress management, and mental health. She is passionate about educating and empowering people to take control of their health and make positive changes that can last a lifetime. Janis believes that small, sustainable changes are the key to long-term success, and she works with her clients to develop personalized plans that fit their individual needs and lifestyles.