Aortic Dissection – Symptoms and Causes
Understanding Aortic Problems
Aortic dissection happens when the inner layer of the aorta (the body’s main artery) tears. Blood flows through this tear, forcing apart the inner and middle layers of the aorta wall.
This splitting is dangerous because if blood breaks through the outer wall, it can be fatal. This condition isn’t common. It typically affects men between 60-70 years old.
The symptoms can look like other health problems, which sometimes delays proper diagnosis. Quick identification and treatment greatly improve survival chances.
An aortic aneurysm is related but different. It occurs when a weak area in the aorta wall bulges outward. Having an aneurysm increases the risk of developing a dissection.
Symptoms
Aortic dissection often presents with symptoms that may resemble other heart conditions. The most common sign is sudden, severe chest or upper back pain that patients typically describe as tearing or ripping.
This pain may extend to the neck or down the back.
Other important symptoms include:
- Severe abdominal pain with rapid onset
- Loss of consciousness
- Difficulty breathing
- Stroke-like symptoms (vision changes, speech problems, weakness on one side)
- Uneven pulse strength between arms or legs
- Pain in the legs
- Walking difficulties
The sudden onset and severe nature of the pain are key indicators that help distinguish aortic dissection from other conditions.
When to See a Doctor
If you have any of these serious symptoms, call 911 or emergency services right away:
- Severe chest pain
- Fainting
- Sudden shortness of breath
- Signs of stroke
These symptoms don’t always mean something serious is happening, but getting medical help quickly is important. Fast action can save your life if you’re having a serious health problem.
Causes
Aortic dissection happens when the wall of the aorta becomes weak in a certain area. The aorta is the main blood vessel that carries blood from your heart to the rest of your body.
These dissections fall into two main types based on where they occur:
Type A Dissections:
- Affect the upper part of the aorta (ascending aorta)
- Begin where the aorta leaves the heart
- May extend down into the abdomen
- More common and generally more dangerous
Type B Dissections:
- Occur only in the lower part of the aorta (descending aorta)
- May also extend into the abdominal area
- Typically less immediately life-threatening than Type A
The weakness in the aortic wall allows blood to force its way between layers of the vessel wall, creating a false passage that weakens the structure of this important blood vessel.
What Increases Your Risk?
Several factors can raise your risk of having an aortic dissection. Uncontrolled high blood pressure puts extra stress on artery walls, making them more vulnerable. Hardened arteries from atherosclerosis and weakened, bulging arteries (aneurysms) also increase risk.
People born with certain heart conditions face higher risk. These include defective aortic valves (bicuspid aortic valve) and narrowed aortas (aortic coarctation).
Genetic conditions that increase risk:
- Turner Syndrome (causes high blood pressure and heart problems)
- Marfan Syndrome (weakens the body’s connective tissue)
- Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (causes loose joints and fragile blood vessels)
- Loeys-Dietz Syndrome (causes twisted arteries)
Inflammation of the arteries, known as giant cell arteritis, may also raise risk levels.
Other risk factors include:
| Risk Factor | Description |
|---|---|
| Gender | Men face higher risk than women |
| Age | People over 60 are more vulnerable |
| Cocaine use | Temporarily raises blood pressure |
| Pregnancy | Rarely affects otherwise healthy women |
| High-intensity weightlifting | May increase risk by raising blood pressure during exercise |
Some people have multiple risk factors, which can further increase their chances of developing this serious condition.
Risks and Dangers
Aortic dissection can lead to several serious health problems. Heavy internal bleeding may be fatal if not treated quickly. The condition can harm organs, causing kidney failure or severe damage to the intestines.
Brain function might be affected, resulting in stroke. The heart can also suffer damage, with problems like valve leakage or blood collecting around the heart. These complications require immediate medical attention to prevent long-term damage or death.
Preventing Aortic Dissection
Reducing the risk of aortic dissection involves several lifestyle changes and preventive measures:
Monitor Blood Pressure Regularly
- Get a home blood pressure device
- Follow your doctor’s recommendations for medication
- Schedule regular check-ups
Stop Smoking
Taking steps to quit smoking significantly reduces your risk. Talk to your doctor about cessation aids if needed.
Maintain Healthy Weight
Eat a balanced diet low in salt with plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Regular exercise helps maintain a healthy weight and blood pressure.
Practice Safety Measures
Always wear a seat belt while driving to reduce the risk of chest injury during accidents.
Work Closely with Healthcare Providers
Inform your doctor if you have a family history of aortic dissection, connective tissue disorders, or a bicuspid aortic valve. Regular monitoring is essential.
For those with genetic conditions increasing aortic dissection risk, doctors might prescribe medications even with normal blood pressure.
If you have an aortic aneurysm, follow your doctor’s recommendations for monitoring frequency and potential surgical intervention.
